January 2019

Fiscal Policy and Development: Human, Social, and Physical Investment for the SDGs

This report offers quantitative insights into the financing gap that countries face in their quest to achieve the 2030 Agenda.


This report aims to provide estimates of the additional annual spending required for meaningful progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The IMF methodology for the costing is based on metadata analysis and offers an initial guidance on the financing gap that countries face in their quest to achieve the 2030 Agenda. 

 The estimates refer to additional spending in 2030, relative to a baseline of current spending to Gross Domestic (GDP) in these sectors. The report applies an innovative costing methodology to a sample of 155 countries: 49 low-income developing countries; 72 emerging market economies; and 34 advanced economies, and refines its analysis with five country studies: Benin, Guatemala, Indonesia, Rwanda, and Vietnam. 

The report concludes that delivering on the 2030 Agenda will require additional spending of half a trillion US dollars in low-income developing countries and USD 2.1 trillion in emerging market economies.